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and Canada A hookah and a variety of tobacco products are on display in a Harvard Square store window in Cambridge Massachusetts United States Main article Hookah lounge Recently many cities states and counties have implemented indoor smoking bans In some jurisdictions hookah businesses can be exempted from the policies through special permits Some permits however have requirements such as the business earning a certain minimum percentage of their revenue from alcohol or tobacco In cities with indoor smoking bans hookah bars have been forced to close or consider alternatives such as offering flavored tobacco based maasel In many cities though hookah lounges have been growing in popularity From the year 2000 to 2004 over 200 new hookah cafes opened for business most of which are targeted at a young adult age group and were particularly near college campuses or cities with large Middle Eastern communities This activity continues to grow in popularity within the post secondary student demographic Structure and operation This section does not cite any references or sources Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2009 Components Excluding grommets a hookah is usually made of five or six components four of which are essential for its operation The bowl Also known as the head of the hookah the bowl is a container usually made out of clay or marble that holds the coal and tobacco during the smoking session The bowl is loaded with tobacco then covered in a small piece of perforated aluminum foil or a glass or metal screen Lit coals are then placed on top which allows the tobacco to heat to the proper temperature There is also a variation of the head which employs a fruit rather than the traditional clay bowl The fruit is hollowed out and perforated in order to achieve the same shape and system a clay bowl has then it is loaded and used in the same manner Windscreen optional A Hookah Cover windscreen is a cover which sits over the bowl area with some form of air holes This prevents wind from increasing the burn rate and temperature of the coal and prevents ash and burning embers from being blown onto the surrounding environment This may also offer some limited protection from fire as it may prevent the coal from being ejected if the hookah is bumped Hose Technically if the pipe has a hose it is not hookah he term historically referred to a straight neck tube Today the hose one or more is a slender flexible tube that allows the smoke to be drawn for a distance cooling down before inhalation The end is typically fitted with a metal wooden or plastic mouthpiece of various shape size color or material type Body and gaskets The body of the hookah is a hollow tube The bowl is attached to the top Sometimes an ice bucket is attached between the body and the bowl to cool the smoke At the bottom is a thin tube the downstem that is submerged in water The point where the body meets the water jar is sealed with a gasket Near there are at least two holes that open into the space above the water One or more may accept a hose Purge valve optional Many hookah are equipped with a purge valve connected to the airspace in the water jar to purge stale smoke which has been sitting unused in the jar for too long This one way valve is typically a simple ball bearing sitting over a port which seals the port by gravity alone and will open if positive pressure is created by blowing into the hose The bearing will be held captive with a screw on cover The cover should be opened and the bearing and seat cleaned of residue and corrosion regularly to ensure proper sealing Water jar Damascene woodworkers creating wood for hookahs 19th century The body of the hookah sits on top of the water jar The downstem hangs down below the level of the water in

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